Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, Goliad Massacre, Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qeg02), accessed June 10, 2013. Only the day before, Fannin himself, with his adjutant general, Joseph M. Chadwick, had returned from Copano, where, accompanied by Holsinger and other Mexican officers, they had tried to charter the vessel on which William P. Miller's Nashville Battalion had arrived earlier (these men had been captured and imprisoned at Goliad, also). General Thomas J. Rusk found the remains of the massacre victims in June 1836 and gave orders for a formal military funeral. Later in 1883 while living in El Paso County, he applied for and received an additional donation as a surviving veteran of the Texas Revolution. [17] Under a decree that Santa Anna had pressed and which was passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30, 1835, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. [20] The soldiers took his belongings, shot him in the face, and burned his body along with those of the other Texians killed that day. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Her early obsessions included Vikings, the Tudors and the Statue of Liberty. Instead, the Mexican commanding officer shot Fannin in the face, burned his body with the others and kept the timepiece as a war prize. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. Check out additional primary sources on the Texas Revolution at Texas Rising: Historians View. Urrea, in compliance with his promise, wrote to Santa Anna from Guadalupe Victoria, informing him that Fannin and his men were prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government" and recommending clemency; but he reported nothing in his letter of the terms that Fannin and his men had drafted for their surrender. The massacre occurred only three weeks after the Battle of the Alamo and roughly four weeks before the decisive Battle of San Jacinto. All Rights Reserved. [5] Not long after Fannins company had begun their march to Victoria, they were pursued by an army of Mexican troops led by General Jos de Urrea. They were overtaken shortly and surrendered for lack of munitions. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape . Forty Texians were unable to walk. It had a population of 1975 at the 2000 census. War was begun with the incident at Gonzales. [2] In November 1835, John C. Duval volunteered for a company organized in Kentucky by his brother, Burr H. Duval, with the plan to go to fight in Texas. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply, despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. Wounded survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. On March 19, General Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men in the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). This order was received by Portilla on March 26, who decided it was his duty to comply despite receiving a countermanding order from Urrea later that same day. 350 injured or missing, This page was last edited on 4 March 2022, at 08:20. Hobart Huson, Refugio: A Comprehensive History of Refugio County from Aboriginal Times to 1953 (2 vols., Woodsboro, Texas: Rooke Foundation, 1953, 1955). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. The Goliad Massacre Location: Presidio La Baha, Goliad Date: March 27, 1836 Casualties: 342 killed On my visit to Presidio la Baha, in Goliad, I began connecting the dots linking Spanish. "Remember the Alamo; remember Goliad!" That was the cry of those fighting for Texas' independence after General Santa Anna ordered the execution of more than 400 men who had surrendered at Goliad. By the time the colonel ordered the retreat, it was too late. [2] On February 12, Fannin took most of the men to defend Presidio La Baha at Goliad, which he renamed "Fort Defiance". Lightboxes. The sound of a second volley, from a different direction than the first just then reached our ears, and was followed by a confused cry, as if those at whom it had been aimed, had not all immediately been killed. The Goliad Massacre, the tragic termination of the Goliad Campaign of 1836, is of all the episodes of the Texas Revolution the most infamous. John C. Duval was college-educated, and descended from a distinguished family his father served as the first U.S. territorial governor of Florida, and his family had ties going back to George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Balderas, Capt. Surrounded on all sides and heavily outnumbered, Colonel Fannin surrendered, and terms of the capitulation were agreed upon near Coleto Creek. Santa Anna replied to Urrea's clemency letter on March 23 by ordering immediate execution of these "perfidious foreigners" and repeated the order in a letter the next day. [29] [2] As part of his preparations for marching on Texas, in late December 1835 Santa . Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men executed. The location of the gravesite was forgotten until years later, when human bone fragments were discovered by a group of boys. Fannin could have probably cut his way to safety, but he refused to abandon the wounded. Goliad is located on U.S. Highway 59, named also for the late U.S. According to the written terms, Fannins men were to be treated as prisoners of war under international custom and would be released back to the United States. When the Mexican and Texan commissioners seeking surrender terms failed to agree, Urrea shortened the conference by dealing directly with Fannin and proposing written terms, under which the Texans should give up their arms and become prisoners of war "at the disposal of the Supreme Mexican Government." Mexican Leader Jose de The Goliad Massacre occurred March 27, 1836, just three weeks after the battle of the Alamo. According to Mexican law, foreign fighters taken on Mexican soil were to be executed for piracy. Colonists in Texas, primarily immigrants from the United States, revolted in October 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all Mexican troops from their province. They were kept separate from the other prisoners, as they had been unarmed and surrendered without a fight. The next morning, seeing Urrea receive one hundred more men and three more artillery pieces, Fannin agreed to surrender. Faced with annihilation, the Texans raised a white flag and were marched back to Goliad and incarcerated in the presidio chapel at Fort Defiance along with other rebels captured in the nearby area. He served with Bigfoot Wallace and Jack Hays in the Texas Rangers and was a veteran of the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. Not much is known about Francita Alavez's life. Under a decree passed by the Mexican Congress on December 30 of the previous year, armed foreigners taken in combat were to be treated as pirates and executed. Colonel Fannin was the last to be executed, after seeing his men butchered. The next month and a half was ultimately spent traveling on foot as he battled the harsh Texas frontier. [11], On March 19, Urrea had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 men of the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). In Goliad, Colonel James Fannin commanded the Texan force of nearly 500 trained soldiers and militia. Though not as salient as the battle of the Alamo, the massacre immeasurably garnered support for the cause against Mexico both within Texas and in the United States, thus contributing greatly to the Texan victory at the battle of San Jacinto and sustaining the independence of the Republic of Texas. Thirty nine were killed inside the fort, under the direction of Captain Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion, with Colonel Garay saving one. Although Ward and his men fled that night during a blinding rainstorm, the Mexicans overtook part of Ward's force, killing 18 and capturing 31. Bounty certificates were issued at the rate of 320 acres for every three months of service. The town is the county seat of Goliad County, one of the oldest counties of Texas and is located about 100 miles southeast of San Antonio, 80 miles northeast of Corpus Christi on U.S. 183-77A. One week later, under the orders of Mexican General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Texians were marched outside the fort and shot. [4] He recruited about 200 Tejano volunteers from the area, including some previously sympathetic to the Texians, to join him. The Goliad massacre was an event of the Texas Revolution that occurred on March 27, 1836, following the Battle of Refugio and the Battle of Coleto; 425445 prisoners of war from the Texian Army of the Republic of Texas were executed by the Mexican Army in the town of Goliad, Texas.The men surrendered under the belief they would be set free within a few weeks, however this was not to be. https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goliad-massacre. Duval and the few other men who escaped the massacre were heavily pursued by Mexican troops for the following days. No one stirred. Dudley Goodall Wooten, ed., A Comprehensive History of Texas (2 vols., Dallas: Scarff, 1898; rpt., Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1986). Because of the intervention of Francita Alavez (known as the "Angel of Goliad"), 20 more men, including Shackelford,[20] were spared to act as doctors, interpreters, or workers. On the other hand, Maj. Juan Jos Holsinger, one of the Mexican commissioners, lulled their suspicions by entering the Texan lines with the greeting, "Well, gentlemen! We need your support because we are a non-profit organization that relies upon contributions from our community in order to record and preserve the history of our state. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The largest group, including what remained of Ward's Georgia Battalion and Capt. After capturing one of Fannin's messengers, who was carrying dispatches that told of the commander's plan to wait at Goliad and retreat after King and Ward returned, Urrea ordered the execution of 30 prisoners who he decided were mercenaries. Shannon always knew she would write novels, but the need to make a living and raise a family came first. Harbert Davenport and Craig H. Roell, [13][19] Forty Texians were unable to walk. Two hours later Portilla received another order, this one from Urrea, "to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin," and to employ them in rebuilding the town. Some of the prisoners taken at Refugio but not executed with King's men are known to have been at Goliad, where they were again spared because they were serving the Mexican army as blacksmiths, wheelwrights, or other artisans. The slaughter of Colonel James W. Fannins troops in the Goliad Massacre, perpetrated three weeks after the fall of the Alamo, resulted in the single largest loss of life for the Texians during the Texas Revolution. Victor Marion Rose, History of Victoria (Laredo, 1883; rpt., Victoria, Texas: Book Mart, 1961). They were marched back to Goliad to face the same fate as the rest of Fannin's command.[11]. In recent years, the massacre that took place at Presidio La Bahia on March 27, 1836 has been twisted into a politically correct "lawful execution" by some groups. Urreas advance riders had already spotted the Texan defenses, and the main army was just hours behind. [6], On March 2, at the Battle of Agua Dulce, Grant was killed, as were about 20 other men under his command. The Mexican soldiers who stood at about three paces from us, leveled their muskets at our breasts. The Texians were then fired on at point-blank range only a few hundred yards from the fort. Those who survived the initial volley were run down by the Mexican cavalry. Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." This is featured in his collected poems titled Leaves of Grass. They were advised not to take off the arm band, since Mexican troops were hunting for those few who had escaped from Coleto, Victoria, and the massacre itself. Before his execution he made three requests. Welche Kriterien es vor dem Kaufen die Nici qid zu untersuchen gibt! Jack Shackelford, commander of the Red Rovers under James W. Fannin at Goliad, was a survivor and chronicler of the battle of Coleto and the Goliad Massacre. Had Fannin's and Miller's men been dumped on the wharves at New Orleans penniless, homesick, humiliated, and distressed, and each with his separate tale of Texas mismanagement and incompetence, Texas prestige in the United States would most likely have fallen, along with sources of help. [6] In late December, at his behest, the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Articles from the Texas General Land Office Save Texas History Program, Official Account for the Texas General Land Office | Follow Commissioner George P. Bush on Twitter at @georgepbush. Fannin was ordered by General Sam Houston on March 11, 1836, to abandon Goliad and retreat to the Guadalupe River near Victoria. The impact of the Goliad Massacre was crucial. An angry White mob rampaged through Tulsa's Greenwood District in Oklahoma . All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Harbert Davenport, James W. Fannin's Part in the Texas Revolution (MS, Harbert Davenport Papers, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). [14] Fannin met to discuss terms with Colonel Juan Jos Holzinger ("Holsinger"). He said the Texan prisoners and American volunteers numbered about 400, while the Mexican captors totaled 700, in addition to cavalry and smaller groups of Mexican soldiers he saw gathered on the prairie. Santa Anna responded to this entreaty by repeatedly ordering Urrea to comply with the law and execute the prisoners. Carlos E. Castaeda (Dallas: Turner, 1928; 2d ed., Austin: Graphic Ideas, 1970). However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. But when he wrote this seemingly humane order, Urrea well knew that Portilla would not be able to comply with it, for on March 25, after receiving Santa Anna's letter, Urrea had ordered reinforcements that would have resulted in too large a diminution of the garrison for the prisoners to be employed on public works. They then headed for Lavaca Bay, where they would end up surrounded. Among these was Herman Ehrenberg, who later wrote an account of the massacre. [1][5], The next day, Palm Sunday, March 27, 1836, Colonel Portilla had the 303 Texians marched out of Fort Defiance into three columns on the Bexar Road, San Patricio Road, and the Victoria Road, between two rows of Mexican soldiers; they were shot point-blank, and any survivors were clubbed and knifed to death. It addresses the issue of whether the men murdered . On March 14, Ward defended his position at the Refugio Mission, while King's men fought from a stand of trees. The third group, on the San Patricio road, was farther from cover; only four men from it are known to have escaped. Carolino Huerta of the Tres Villas battalion. The Goliad Massacre, also referred to as The Goliad Execution, was the brutal shooting of Texas soldiers by Mexican forces. [8], Spared men were given white arm bands, and while wearing them could walk about freely. Refresh the page, check Medium 's. GeoCoords: Latitude: 28.612982000000 Longitude: -97.421924000000. [7], Also spared were the 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion, who had surrendered while still unarmed. This article does not contain any citations or references. The San Antonio Grays, Mobile Grays,and others were marched along the Victoria road in the direction of the lower ford. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. On March 6, the Mexican force under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo and killed the garrison. A decree issued by Santa Anna in December 1835 ordered that all foreigners fighting against the government would be treated as pirates and executed. He was born in Richmond, Virginia, on March 20, 1790, the son of Richard Shackelford, and was educated as a physician and surgeon. [8] Fannin had chosen to keep his troops at Goliad mainly because it had a fort, from which he believed it would be easier to fight than out in the open. After Santa Anna learned that a force of Texas rebels was heading toward Matamoros, he sent General Urrea to march north along the coast of Texas to stop them. Fannin's men wounded in the Battle of Coleto were shot or bayoneted where they lay, inside the presidio. The gist of these was that Fannin and his men, including his officers and the wounded, should be treated as prisoners of war according to the usages of civilized nations and, as soon as possible, paroled and returned to the United States. [5] Johnson and four others escaped in the darkness and rejoined Fannin's command at Goliad, where they said that all the prisoners had been executed. Senator Lloyd M. Bentsen. This galvanized Texians and led to victory in their war for independence. The Goliad Massacre, set in the town of Goliad on March 27, 1836, was an execution of Republic of Texas soldier-prisoners and their commander, James Fannin, by the Mexican Army. An hour after Santa Annas execution orders arrived, Portilla received the contradictory message from Urrea to treat the prisoners with consideration, and especially their leader, Fannin. After an agonizing night weighing the two instructions, Portilla decided to uphold the wishes of the Mexican dictator. A man-by-man study of Fannin's command indicates that 342 were executed at Goliad on March 27. Similar Items. Less than a month later, as Houston prepared his men for the decisive Battle of San Jacinto that would earn Texas its independence, he concluded his impassioned speech with the rallying cry: Remember the Alamo! Fannin, however, lacked the same urgency as the orders he received on March 14, 1836. Texan Leader James w. Fannin. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad. Santa Anna's main army took no prisoners; execution of the murderous decree of December 30, 1835, fell to Gen. Jos de Urrea, commander of Santa Anna's right wing. The Napoleon of the West was no longer seen as a brilliant military strategist but a cruel despot. [citation needed], The 75 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in on the 23rd. What is the date for the 2019 Goliad Massacre Reenactment? But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! While the sick and wounded remained in the chapel, the other three groups were escorted on different roads out of town. Johnson and five others had also been captured but escaped and rejoined James Fannin's command at Goliad. The massive number of Texian prisoner-of-war casualties throughout the Goliad Campaign led to Goliad being called a "Massacre" by Texas-American forces and fueled the frenzy of the Runaway Scrape. King's company, the others "one by one" (see REFUGIO, BATTLE OF). Under President Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity, it must be known that we are at all times ready for war." Now burst in harsh accents from the lips of the Mexican commander. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. In this critical predicament, Fannin and the majority of the men voted to surrender the Texian forces on March 20. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. [1] The massacre galvanized citizens further to the cause of independence, and outraged Texians joined cries of Remember the Alamo! with Remember Goliad! as they charged across the field of battle at San Jacinto. The Goliad Massacre of March 27,1836 By: Jackson Kolb The massacre of Goliad the Goliad massacre was the termination of the survivors of the Alamo and battle of Goliad. He was captured at Goliad; however, his life was spared so that he could treat the wounded Mexicans there and at San Antonio. Inside the walls of the Presidio, the wounded Texian commander, Col. James W. Fannin was executed at point blank range. Worauf Sie als Kunde bei der Auswahl der Nici qid achten sollten. by Charlotte Churchill, With Milam and Fannin, Austin: Pemberton Press, 1968). [11] On March 13, King was surrounded by elements of the Mexican army and sent out a plea for help to Fannin, who sent Lieutenant-Colonel William Ward and the Georgia Battalion to reinforce him. His solution was tested after November 15, 1835, when Gen. Jos Antonio Mexa attacked Tampico with three companies enlisted at New Orleans. Explore the restored Mission Espritu Santo and surrounding grounds. www.txglo.org, Rochesters primary original inhabitants were the Onndowga people, or as we may know them, the, How Do We Leave a Legacy Without Philanthropy. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Urrea departed Goliad, leaving Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla in command. He sent couriers to Ward, but most of them were intercepted by Urrea's cavalry. That afternoon, Urrea's troops surrounded the Texians on an open prairie. Description: Three hundred forty-two Texas prisoners, consisting of James Fannin's command captured at the Battle of Coleto and those of Amon King and William Ward captured at the Battle of Refugio . The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. He made three requests: he asked for his personal possessions to be sent to his family, to be shot in his heart and not his face, and to be given a Christian burial. LEE OXFORD BOOKS New York American New-YorkMay 14, 1836 SURVIVOR AFFIDAVIT OF THE GOLIAD MASSACRE BY ZACHARIAH S. BROOKS, WILSON SIMPSON AND DILLARD COOPER DESCRIPTION: 4-page original newspaper in go Urrea marched the Texians back to Fort Defiance, where they were held under guard. From two groups shot on the river roads, those not instantly killed fled to the woods along the stream, and twenty-four managed to escape. When one of their carts fell into the San Antonio River, the colonel told his men to halt and retrieve it. [2] J. Frank Dobie, John C. Duval: First Texas Man of Letters, Southwest Review Vol. King and a group of men had been executed on March 16 at Refugio, but some 15 to 18 prisoners were marched to Goliad to serve as blacksmiths or mechanics. Thirty-three Americans were captured in the course of the fighting at Nuestra Seora del Refugio Mission, half of them with Capt. As the ashes of the Alamo continued to smolder, Sam Houston feared another disaster could befall his Texas Army. According to Duval, in February of 1836, the men at Goliad were informed by a Mexican from the Rio Grande that Santa Anna was on the Texas border with a large army. Her father was a history teacher, so she grew up immersed in history books and spent her holidays tramping around battlefields, graveyards and museums. On March 19 he began his retreat, but he and his men were surrounded and forced to surrender at the battle of Coleto. Goliad massacre Connected to: {{::readMoreArticle.title}} From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {{bottomLinkPreText}} {{bottomLinkText}} This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Urrea wrote in his diary that he "wished to elude these orders as far as possible without compromising my personal responsibility." [11] The Texians were less than one mile (1.6km) from the safety of the tree line of Coleto Creek. Fannin's men possessed, besides their rifles, 500 spare muskets and nine brass cannons and, if told that it would mean death to surrender, could sell their lives at fearful cost and might cut their way through Urrea's lines. Save big when you register early. Even on the move, Fannins long-delayed retreat advanced at a sluggish pace. Believing they were on missions to gather wood, drive cattle or even sail to safety in New Orleans, the rebels joked and swapped stories. The death toll would have been even higher if not for a Mexican woman. Remember Goliad!. [4] By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.[5]. Even then we could hardly believe that they meant to shoot us, for if we had we should assuredly have rushed forward in our desperation, and weaponless though we were, some of our murderers would have met their death at our hands. The first prisoners taken by Urrea were the survivors of Francis W. Johnson's party, captured at and near San Patricio on February 27, 1836 (see SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF). Although this was really an attempt by Urrea to commandeer the ship, the vessel had already departed. Whilst these horrible scenes were occurring on the prairies, Col. Fannin and his wounded companions were shot and bayoneted at Goliad, only Dr. Shackleford and a few hospital aids having their lives spared, in order that they might attend the wounded Mexicans. In February 1836 Fannin and his garrison occupied PresidioLa Baha. After the executions, the Texians' bodies were piled and burned. For a lucky few at Goliad, some soldiers were able to escape the carnage. Slaughter at Goliad : the Mexican massacre of 400 Texas volunteers / by: Stout, Jay A., 1959- Published: (2008) Goliad : the other Alamo / by: Bradle, William R. Published: (2007) Captain Phillip Dimmitt's commandancy of Goliad, 1835-1836 : an episode of the Mexican Federalist war in Texas, usually referred to as the Texian Revolution / by: Huson, Hobart, 1893-1983 Published: (1974) Colonel Jos Nicols de la Portilla under orders of the President of Mexico, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. 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